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Tapa Gaccha
Tapa Gaccha is the largest Gaccha of Svetambara Jainism.
== History ==
Jagatchandrasuri established Tapa Gaccha in Vikram Samvat 1285 (1229 CE) as a counter to the lax conducts in ''Brihad Gaccha'', founded by Udyotan Suri, but fell itself victim to lax conducts. He was given the title of "Tapa" (i.e., the meditative one) by the ruler of Mewar, and this title was applied to the group. In the next generation, the Tapa Gaccha split between the lax Vadi Posal Tapa Gachha and ''Samvegi'' Lodhi Posal Tapa Gaccha. The former was led by Vijaychandrasuri while the latter was led by Devendrasuri. Lodhi Posal Tapa Gachha also became lax but was later reformed by Anandvimalsuri in 1526 and Panyas Satyavijaygani in 1655. Vijaydevsuri (1600–1657 AD) is considered one of the major leader of lineage. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the state of the monks was much different. They strictly followed the celibacy of five Mahavratas but followed the other four in lesser forms. These monks were known as ''Yati'' or ''Gorji''. They possessed properties, resided in one place and traveled by vehicles. Their conduct was considered lax by other monks, called ''Samvegi Sadhu''s, who strictly followed all five Mahavratas. Yatis were dependent on the Jain lay community as they received many things from them. The Jain lay community purchased children from poor Jain or Hindu communities and donated to Yatis who were trained into Jain traditions and later succeeded themselves. As patronage of the Jain lay community to Yati vanished due to rise of ''Samvegi'' monks, they became nearly extinct by the end of the 20th century. The majority of contemporary Tapa Gaccha monks trace their linage to Panyas Munivijaygani (1796-1879), also known as Dada. One of his three disciples was Buddhivijay (1807-1882). He was initially a Sthanakvasi monk named Buterayji, who is still popular, but he later converted to become a Murtipujaka Samvegi monk. His disciple, Atmaramji, who was initially a Sthanakvasi monk, initiated into Murtipujaka monkhood as Anandvijayji in 1876 at Ahmedabad. In 1887, he was promoted to Acharya rank by Jain community at Palitana in the presence of more than 35000 persons. This was important as until then the Jain religious discourse was dominated by Yatis. This conferment of Acharya Padwi took place after a gap of 262 years. Under Acharya Vijayanand Suri's leadership and other monks, Shwetambara Murtipujak Conference was established in 1893 which reformed mendicant as well as lay religious practices. As a result of this reform, most Shwetambara Jain monks today belong to Tapa Gaccha.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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